The HLH/bHLH cascade regulates cell elongation downstream of various hormonal and environmental signaling pathways. Recent studies demonstrate that the BR, auxin, GA, and phytochrome pathways converge through direct interactions among their transcription factors/regulators, then pass to a tripartite module of helix-loop-helix (HLH) and basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) factors, which is named the HHbH module. The rapid expansion of bamboo stems is driven by the cell division and elongation of internodes, which are regulated by a combination of endogenous phytohormones and environmental factors such as auxin, gibberellin acid (GA), brassinosteroids (BRs), and light. In spring, it can grow up to 1 m in less than 24 h and reach a final height of 20 m in 45–60 days. Moso bamboo ( Phyllostachys edulis) is one of the fastest growing non-timber tree plants all over the world, with considerable ecological, economic, and cultural value. Our findings provided new insights about the fast-growing mechanism of bamboo shoots and the application of PRE genes from bamboo. PePRE genes have a positive function in the internode elongation of moso bamboo shoots, and overexpression of PePREs genes promotes flowering and growth in Arabidopsis. In addition, PePRE1/3 but not PePRE2/4 proteins accumulated as punctate structures in the cytosol, which was disrupted by the vesicle recycling inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA). PePRE1-OX plants showed hypersensitivity to propiconazole treatment compared with the wild type. PePRE1 overexpression restored the phenotype due to the deficiency of AtPRE genes caused by artificial micro-RNA. Overexpression of PePREs ( PePREs- OX) in Arabidopsis showed longer petioles and hypocotyls, as well as earlier flowering. In the elongating internode of bamboo shoots, PePRE genes are expressed at higher levels in the basal segment than in the mature top segment. In bamboo seedlings, PePRE1/3 were found to be highly expressed in the internode and lamina joint by using quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Here, we identified four HLH genes, PePRE1- 4, in moso bamboo plants that are homologous to Arabidopsis PRE genes. Basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH)/HLH transcription factors are involved in various aspects of the growth and development of plants.
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